unit 1   great scientistsperiod 1  warming up & pre-reading teaching aim:to learn something about some famous scientiststeaching procedures: step 1 lead-in1. can you name some famous scientists?2. in your opinion, what qualities should a scientist have?(common characteristics: bright/ brightness; creative; cautious; persuasive; strict; positive; co-operative; enthusiastic; etc.)3. what kind of scientists do you know?(geologist; geographer; mathematician; physicist; chemist; agriculturist; astronomer; botanist; biologist; inventor …)step 2 warming up1. page 1, sb. ask ss to finish the quiz and find out who knows most.2. show some pictures of these great scientists and have a brief introduction to them.step 3 pre-reading (discussion)1. what do you know about infectious diseases? what kind of infectious diseases do you know?(infectious diseases can be spread easily, they have unknown cause and may do great harm to people. sars; bird flu; aids; etc.)2. what do you know about cholera? (（请记得收藏本站-一路高升范文网，以获取更多新鲜内容）t can introduce this disease by using slides)3. do you know how to prove a new idea in scientific research? discuss in small groups the stages in examining a new scientific idea. what order would you put them in?(find a problem→make up a question→think of a method→collect results→analyse the results→repeat if necessary→draw a conclusion)step 4 language points1. discover   vt. to be the first to find, learn of, or observe 发现，发觉discover 通常指被探索或被揭示物早就客观存在着；invent指的是发明原先不存在的东西。如：columbus discovered america in 1492.alexander graham bill invented the telephone in 1876.2. as   conj.used in comparisons  用于比较：像……一样he’s as old as i am.in the same manner or way that 照……的方式do as i say.while; whenhe saw her as she was getting off the bus.because as she has no car, she can’t get there easily.thoughtired as i was, i tried to help them.as it is: in reality; in fact 事实上i hope things would get better, but as it is they are getting worse.(7) as it were: so to speak; in a certain way 可以说; 跟……一样he is my best friend, my brother, as it were.3. characteristic(1) n. a special and easily recognized quality of someone or something 特色, 特性a characteristic of this animal is its ability to live for a long time without water.(2) adj. typical; representing a person’s or thing’s usual character 独特的i heard my friend’s characteristic voice.4. the way of doing sth. 意为“做……的方法”，还可以表达为 the way to do。如： she showed us the way of cleaning it. = she showed us the way to clean it.i don’t like the way (that / in which) you speak to your father.5. put sth. forward:  (1) to offer (an idea, suggestion etc.) for consideration   提出he put forward a new plan.(2) 拨快  put the clocks forward. 将时钟拨快(3) 推荐某人或自己任职位; 提名may i put your name forward as a possible chairman of the committee?我能否提名你当委员会主席吗?6. infectious  adj.(1) capable of causing infection 传染的,能够导致传染病的cholera is an infectious disease.(2) caused by or capable of being transmitted by infection传染性的, 由传染引发的colds are infectious, and so are some eye diseases.(3) easily or readily communicated 有感染力的，容易或快速传播的an infectious laugh有感染力的微笑(4) infect  vt. 传染, 感染   infectant  n. 污染物,传染物  adj. 传染的, 污染的   infected  adj. 被感染的   infection  n. 传染, 传染病, 影响, 感染7.  if necessary 是一种省略句式。在while，when，until，unless，if，once等引导的状语从句中，如从句的主语和主句的主语相同，且从句的谓语部分含动词be时，可以省略从句的主语和动词be。   when (i was) a boy, i looked at such things quite differently.   don’t speak until (you are ) spoken to.step 5 assignments1. revise the words in “warming up”.2. learn the words from “attend” to “ strict”.3. prepare “reading”.

period 2&3 reading and comprehendingteaching aims:①get ss to improve their reading abilities.②let ss know the topic “great scientists”③know some important phrases occurring in this readingteaching procedures:step 1 lead incheck ss’ knowledge about some scientists and their discoveries. ①who discovered that objects in water are lifted up by a force that helps them float? archimedes②who wrote a book explaining how animals and plants developed as the environment changed? charles darwin③who invented the first steam engine? thomas newcomen④who used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed form parents to their children?   gregor mendel⑤who discovered radium?maries curie⑥who invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities?thomas edison⑦who was the painter that studied dead bodies to improve his painting of people?leonardo da vinci⑧who invented a lamp to keep miner safe underground?sir humphrey davy⑨who invented the earliest instrument to tell people where earthquakes happened?zhang heng⑩who put forward a theory about black holes? stephen hawkingafter all the questions, then lead in the passage with a picture. ask ss if they know the map and what it is used for. give them the answer later “it is a map to find out the cause of cholera. ”step 2 skim and scanmore questions are given to get the general ideas of this passage and some obvious facts. who defeats “king cholera“? john snowwhat happened in 1854?   cholera outbreak hit london.how many people died in 10 days? 500why is there no death at no. 20 and 21 broad street as well as at no. 8 and 9 cambridge street? these families had not drunk the water from the broad street pump.step 3 reading for details1 why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first?neither its cause, not its cure was understood.2 which theory did john snow believe in?people absorbed cholera into their bodies with their meals.3 john snow finally proved the theory he believed by ________.gathering information with the help of a maplooking into the source of the water for broad street and cambridge streetseparating those who suffered cholera from those who didn’t both a and b (right choice)4 to prevent the cholera from spreading again, what did john snow do?suggested that the source of all water supplies be examine. suggested that new methods of dealing with polluted water be found. instructed the water companies not to expose people to the polluted water anymore.step 4 mind map of the passageparagraph 1: introduction of john snow and choleraparagraph 2: two theoryparagraph 3-5: study of the breakout in 1854                       paragraph 3: think of a method: test two theorycollect the result: mark the deathanalyze the result: reason for death and no deathparagraph 4: analyze the result: find the resource of the water  paragraph 5: repeat if necessary: find more evidence.draw a conclusion: cholera was spread by germpolluted water carried choleraparagraph 6: prevention of cholerastep 5. careful reading1.ask the ss to read the text carefully and then finish the chart in ex. 1 on page 3.scientific report by john snowthe problem nobody knew the cause of the serious disease of cholera.the cause idea 1: strange cloud in the air that attacked victims.idea 2: people absorbed the disease with their meals.the method  collect data from the next cholera attack to test theories. try to prove which method was correct.the results&nbsp（请记得收藏本站-一路高升范文网，以获取更多新鲜内容）; he found the cause of cholera was the polluted water.

idea 1 or 2? why?  idea 2. because the data showed a connection with the water.the conclusion john snow was able to defeat cholera once its cause was known.

step 6 retell the passage provide ss with a summary with some blanks. let them retell the passage as well as pay attention to some important words. read the passage again and fill in the blanks:john snow was a well-known ____ in london in the ___ century. he wanted to find the ______ of cholera in order to ______ it. in 1854 when a cholera ____ out, he began to gather information. he _____ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the ______ died. so he decided that the polluted water carried cholera. he suggested that the _____ of all water supply be _______ and new methods of ________ with polluted water be found. finally, “king cholera” was defeated. step 7 language points1. attend  v. to be present at; go to 出席，参加he decided to attend the meeting himself.to give one’s attention; listen 注意，倾听(常跟to连用)are you attending to what is being said?to look after; serve 照顾，护理i have a good doctor attending me. (4) to go with 伴随，陪伴danger attended everything he did. 他做的每一件事都带有危险。attendance  n.照顾：出席人数there is a doctor in attendance. 有一位医生照顾。there was a large attendance at the concert. 音乐会听众很多。2 ease  v.(1) to free from pain, worry 减轻；缓和the doctor gave him some painkillers to ease the pain.the relationship between the two countries has eased.(2) to relax 放松it’s time for your father to ease up on his work a bit. he’s getting old.n. the condition of being comfortable 舒适; freedom from difficulty, or hardship不费力a life of ease 舒适的生活with ease 毫不费力地，轻而易举地to jump over with ease 很容易跳过去he passed the examination with ease. 3. expose  v.to make visible 暴露new fashions are exposing more and more of the body.与to连用he exposes his skin to the sun.to reveal the guilt or wrong doing of 揭露he exposed their plot. 他揭露了他们的阴谋。the crime of the corrupt officials must be exposed without any reserve.对贪官污吏的罪行一定要毫无保留地予以揭发。4. every time ：连词，引导时间状语从句，后省略when；类似的还有 immediately，the moment，directly, instantly.every time i meet him, i always think of the things happening between us.i will give the report to him immediately i see him.i came directly i got your message.5. outbreak  n.    (1)a sudden increase 突然发生 police quelled the outbreak of violence.   (2) a sudden eruption; an outburst 突然爆发   there has been an outbreak of measles on town.6. control  v. & n.(1) v. to have power over, rule, direct 统治；控制the government tries its best to control prices. 政府努力控制物价。he cannot control his anger. 他无法抑制自己的愤怒情绪。(2) n. 控制；统治；掌握①lose control of / be (go) out of control  失去控制the diver lost control of his car and it knock into a tree. 司机失去控制,车撞到树上。    the car was out of control and ran into a wall.  车失去控制,撞到了墙上。    ②in control of  在…（请记得收藏本站-一路高升范文网，以获取更多新鲜内容）控制下mr brown is in control of the money.  布朗先生管理钱财。③under the control of  被…控制着the money is under the control of mr brown. 钱由布朗先生掌管。7. reason / causereason用来解释某种现象或结果的理由，后接 for sth./ doing sth.;cause 指造成某一事实或现象的直接原因，后接 of sth./ doing sth.。如：the reason why she was late is that she didn’t get up on time.the cause of the fire is unknown.8. suggest  vt.   (1) to offer for consideration or action; propose （常与that连用）提议；提出；建议。如：i suggested that we should travel by train.(2) to make evident indirectly; intimate or imply 暗示；显出。如： it suggested that you did not catch the 8 o’clock train, but you caught the 8:25 train.(3) suggest后跟从句时，如果表示建议的语气，其后要用虚拟语气。若表示暗示或表明时，不用虚拟语气。9. absorb  vt. & vi.    (1) to take or suck in (liquids) 吸收  absorb…into…a sponge absorbs water.海绵吸水。the big company has gradually absorbed these small companies into its own organization.   这家大公司渐渐把这些小公司吞并了。    (2) to take in (knowledge, ideas) 专心于    the little girl was absorbed in reading a tale. 这个小姑娘正在全神贯注地阅读一篇故事。10. severe  adj.    (1) so serious; so bad  （人；纪律）严厉的；严格的    i think you are too severe on the boy.  我认为你对那个孩子太严厉。    his severe looks frightened me.  他的严厉表情使我恐慌。(2) very harmful or painful; serious or uncomfortable  （疼痛）剧烈的sars—severe acute respiratory syndrome （严重的、急性的呼吸道综合病）he has a severe pain in his leg. 他的腿痛得厉害。be severe with—be strict with  对…要求严格he is severe with himself.  他严格要求自己。11. especially  adv. (1) to an extent or degree deserving of special emphasis 特别；格外。如：i love italy, especially in summer.there is one part of the country with an especially large indian population. that is southwest.(2) particularly 专门。如：this crown was made especially for the king.(3) 辨析specially与especiallyspecially意为“非一般的，非广泛的”，主要含义为专门；especially意为“特殊，特别”。指的是非普通，非寻常的，主要解释为尤其。如：i came here specially to see you.it has been especially hot today.12. it seemed the water was to blame. 看来水是罪魁祸首。be+动词不定式，可表示该做或不该做的事情，相当于must, should, ought to等。you are not to drop litter in this park.13. in addition (to) 此外（还）in addition, the course also provides practical experience. 此外，这门课程还提供了实践的经验。we saw a mickey mouse cartoon in addition to the cowboy movie.我们除了西部牛仔还看了一个米老鼠动画片。14. link…to…  把…与…连接；联系fingerprints linked the suspect to the crime.  指纹证实了嫌疑犯的犯罪行为。15. announce  v.(1) to make known publicly 发表、告知、宣布…the government announced its new economic policies. 政府封闭了新的经济政策。(2) to state in a loud voice 宣布（客人的名字、到达等）his servant announced mr. and mrs. white. 他的仆人通报怀特夫妇驾临。(3) to make clearly known （）事情显示…warm sunshine announces the coming of spring. 温暖的阳光预示春天即将来到。16. deal with(1) 意为“处理”。如：i don’t know how to deal with the problem.at the beginning of this term, we will have many difficulties to deal with.(2) 辨析deal with 与do with两个词组都有“处置”的意思。do with常与连接代词what连用，表示（怎样）处理，安排；和can等连用，表示“有……就行了”，“凑合用”；和can’t连用，表示“受不了”“不能”“不便”；和have to连用表示“有关系”。如：   i can’t remember what i did with my purse.   can you do with a five-pound note?   i can’t do with him and his temper.   hw has to do with all sorts of people.  （请记得收藏本站-一路高升范文网，以获取更多新鲜内容） deal with 常与连接副词how连用,表示“对付”“处理”“安排”“讨论”“涉及”等。如：   i don’t know how to deal with these bad children.   i’m used to dealing with matters of this sort.   this book deals with questions of political economy.17. apart from  (page 4)without considering, besides, except for 除……以外apart from them, i had no one to talk to.apart from that, all goes well.as well asapart from being too large, the hat doesn’t suit me.除了太大以外, 这顶帽子我戴也不合适。 step8 assignments1. revise the vocabulary.2. do e 1—3 in “discovering useful words and expressions”.3. preview “discovering useful structures”.

period 4  learning about languagestep 1. revision1. review some language points in the text.2. review the new words of unit 1step 2 check ex 1 of discovering useful words and expressionsask some ss read the passage sentence by sentence.ex.1: examined   put forward  exposed  cure  immediately   look into  announced  instruct  valuablestep 3 check ex 1 of discovering useful words and expressions

ex. 2: make a telephone call &（各种工作总结、计划、报告、作文模板，尽在一路高升范文网）nbsp;             make a decisionmake a plan                      make a contributionmake a speech                    make a noisemake a change                    make a descriptionstep 4.exerciseask some ss to tell the meaning of the phrases in ex 3.ask the ss to make sentences with each of phrases.step 5. assignment and home work    prepare discovering useful structures on page 4.period 5&6   grammarteaching aims:   1. to learn the uses of v-ed as the attibutive and predicative   2. to grasp the difference between v-ed and v-ingteaching procedures:step 1 revision1. read the vocabulary from beginning to “be strict with”.2. check the homework.step 2 discovering useful structures一.过去分词做表语和定语过去分词作表语 1.过去分词可以置于系动词后做表语。常用的系动词有be, get, become, grow，seem，turn，remain，appear，feel， look，sound等。  e.g. the whole world were shocked at the news of israel’s killing yassin， the founder and spiritual leader of hamas.听到以色列杀害哈马斯创始人和精神领袖亚辛的消息，全世界都为之震惊。      the case seems（to be) connected with some big shot.这个案子好像与某个大人物有关。 2.常用作表语的过去分词有：interested, moved, discouraged, amused, astonished，surprised，frightened， excited，moved，inspired，tired，worried，hurt， crowded， gone， broken，dressed，wounded，pleased等。3.及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是被动关系，表示主语的状态，既表示被动，又表示完成。     e.g.  the cup is broken. 茶杯破了。 4. 不及物动词的过去分词作表语，与句子主语是主动关系，表示主语的状态，只表示动作的完成。    e.g. he is retired. 他已退休。 5. 有些过去分词作表语时，构成的谓语很接近被动结构。   e.g.  the city is surrounded on three sides by mountains. 这座城市三面环山。【注意】过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：过去分词作表语，主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作。

系表结构与被动语态的区别。“be＋过去分词”可能是系表结构，也可能是被动语态，区别如下：

  系表结构   强调状态 at，with，in等介词 ()ur car got trapped in the mud.  被动语态   强调动作 by短语表动作执行者 more than 200 people were trapped in the building by the fire.(1) the cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. 茶杯是昨天我小妹打碎的。（是被动语态，表示动作） (2) the library is now closed. 图书馆关门了。（过去分词作表语） 【注意】过去分词表示被动或完成, -ing 形式表示主动或进行。有些动词如 intere（各种工作总结、计划、报告、作文模板，尽在一路高升范文网）st, bore, worry, surprise, frighten 等通常用其过去分词形式来修饰人，用 -ing 形式来修饰物。 (3) the book is interesting and i'm interested in it. 这本书很有趣，我对它很感兴趣。

过去分词作定语           作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。 1. 过去分词用作定语，如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。         we must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions. 我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。 2. 过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。   the concert given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。3.过去分词短语有时也可用作非限制性定语，前后常有逗号。 e.g. the meeting, attended by over five thousand people, welcomed the great hero. 他们举行了欢迎英雄的大会，到会的有五千多人。 4. 用来修饰人的过去分词有时可以转移到修饰非人的事物，这种过去分词在形式上虽不直接修饰人，但它所修饰的事物仍与人直接有关。 e.g. the boy looked up with a pleased expression. 男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。

二.现在分词和过去分词用法之异同（1）现在分词和过去分词的用法异同历来是学习中的难点和高考测试的重点。众所周知，两种分词的区别很多，但它们之间的根本区别是：    过去分词在时态上强调动作已经完成，在语态上侧重于被动；    而现在分词在时态上强调动作正在进行，在语态上侧重于主动。    这种根本的区别具体体现在两种分词分别充当的各种句子成份中。细述如下： 一、分词作定语 共同点：分词作定语时，如果分词只是一个单词，那么，该分词就位于其所修饰的名词之前；如果是分词短语，那么，该短语就位于其所修饰的名词之后，它的作用相当于一个定语从句。　　不同点：分词作定语时，被分词所修饰的名词就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词与逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。

过去分词和现在分词都可以做定语，区别如下： 所修饰的  中心词     及物动词的分词     不及物动词的分词过去分词   多为人 表被动意义，意为“……的”spoken english，the excited students 表示分词的动作已经完成fallen leaves(落叶)boiled water(开水)现在分词 多为事物 表主动意义，意为“令人……的"english—speaking countries，exciting news 表示分词的动作正在进行falling leaves(正在飘落的树叶)boiling water(正在沸腾的水)

 二、分词作表语共同点：分词作表语时，它起着形容词的作用。不同点：分词作表语时，句子的主语就是该分词的逻辑主语。但现在分词作表语时，与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系，所表示的动作的一般与句中谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；而过去分词则表示被动关系，所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之前或同时发生。　

过去分词和现在分词都可以做表语，区别如下：

     主语     意义     备注  过去分词     人 人所处的状态或对某事的感觉     被动意义  现在分词     事物 事物的特征，意思是“令人……的”     主动意义

step 3.exercisesask the ss to complete the table with phrases tha have the same meaning in ex 2 on page 5 and check the answer for them.ask the ss to complete the table with phrases tha have the same meaning in ex 3 on page 5 and check the answer for them.

step 4. assignment and homework do more exercise about the past participle used as the attribute and the predicative

period  7&8  reading and writingteaching aims:1. to understand the theory of nicolaus copernicus2. to improve ss’ reading skillsteaching procedures & ways:step 1 revisioncheck the homework.step 2 teaching the new words (from “nicolaus copernicus” to “logical”)step 3 reading1. fast reading  read the passage and do ex 1 on page 7.before copernicus’ theory showing copernicus’ theorya diagram showing the solar system with the earth at its centre a diagram showing the solar system with the sun at its centre2. careful reading  read the passage carefully and answer the following questions.   (1) why was copernicus frightened and cautious? (para 4)(2) why could he not tell about his theory? (para 1)(3) what was his theory about? (para 1)(4) what had the astronomers noticed in the sky? (para 2)(5) when did copernicus complete his theory? (para 3)(6) how did he explain changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars? (para 4)(7) when did he publish his idea? (para 4)(8) why do people think there is a link between his theory and the work?3. post reading  if you were nicolaus copernicu（请记得收藏本站-一路高升范文网，以获取更多新鲜内容）s, would you have hidden your theory for so many years? give a reason.step 4 language points1. lead to 导致   too much work and little rest often lead to illness.   only working hard leads to your success.2. only if 只有，只要 （only放句首时，主句要倒装。）only if a teacher gives permission is a student allowed to enter the room.only in this way can you learn english well.    only when one is away from home does one realize how nice home is.if only ： (expressing a wish) 如果……就好了 (多用虚拟语气)if only she would come!  要是她来了,就好了。3. make sense / make sense of 懂；理解    make no sense 毫无意义this sentence doesn’t make sense.i can’t make sense of this sentence.can you make sense of what the speakers says?what he says makes no sense.4. would have done (1)表示对过去的某种情况进行猜测, 或本来要做某事却因某种原因未做成，通常用来说明某一情况，但不象should或ought to 那样含有责备之意。如：i guess the poet would have been about 20 when she wrote her first poem.another worker wouldn’t have acted like that.(2) 相关知识总结：needn’t have + 过去分词，表示做了不必做的事，相当于，译为“其实没必要… …”should have + 过去分词，表示应该做某事但实际上未做，译为“本应该… …”should not have + 过去分词，表示本不应该做某事但实际上做了，译为“本不应该……”ought to have + 过去分词，表示动作按理该发生了，但实际上未发生，译为“该……”与should的完成式含义类似。5. work on  从事she is working on a new novel. (= she is writing a new novel.)the students worked on his composition for hours.6. complete  vt. & adj. 完成；完整的；完成的   the workers haven’t completed the house yet.   when will the work be complete?7. enthusiastic: having or demonstrating enthusiasm  adj. 热心的，满腔热情的enthusiastic support 热情的支持be enthusiastic about  对某事充满热情8. reject  v.to refuse to accept 拒绝；不接受reject a gift / a possibility / a suggestion / an opinion she rejected his offer of help.we rejected his idea for a music club, and decided to have（请记得收藏本站-一路高升范文网，以获取更多新鲜内容） an art club instead.(2) to discard as defective or useless; throw away 丢弃。如：to choose the good apples and reject the bad ones. step 5 writing1. let ss know what is persuasive writing and the aims of the letter you write to copernicus.2. get the ss to collect their ideas.3. get the ss to make an outline.4. write the letter by themselves, paying attention to the writing of a letter.5. check ss’ articles and ask several ss to read their letter out.step 6 assignments1. do e 1—2 on page 42.2. preview “reading task”.

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