写作基本要领

? 使用规范的句子

1. 完整

1)意义的完整

Bikes are so popular in China.

(Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.)

2)结构的完整

指代不明

It is incredible to many people. Cigarette smokers spend money for illness.

(It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness.)

省略错误

I said I have more respect for him than his wife.

(I said I have more respect for him than for his wife.)

断句不严

We couldn’t decide upon a new car, there were many attractive models.

(We couldn’t decide upon a new car, for there were many attractive models.) or

(We couldn’t decide upon a new car. There were many attractive models.)

2.连贯

1) 代词指向不明确

He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not serious.

(He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not seriously hurt.)

2) 不定式、分词、动名词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致

To succeed in a scientific research project, persistence is needed.

(To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent.)

3) 结构不平行

Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed. (Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method; now it is taught by the laboratory method.) It was both a long ceremony and very tedious.

(The ceremony was both long and tedious.)

4) 主次不分，重点不突出

The competition for college enrollment is extremely keen this year and the candidates spend days and nights preparing for the entrance examination and they neglect their health and so the newspapers carry articles urging teachers and parents to take up this problem seriously.

(As the competition for college enrollment is extremely keen this year, the candidates spend days and nights preparing for the entrance examination, neglecting their health. In view of this, the newspapers carry articles urging teachers and parents to take up this problem seriously.)

3.简练

1) 删除（多余成分）

The distant explosion was audible to the ear.

(The distant explosion was audible.)

There are four companies in Shanghai, and any of them can supply us with spareparts.

(Any of the four companies in Shanghai can supply us with spareparts.)

2) 替换（用词或词组替代从句）

The bottles that are placed on the shelf contain some chemicals that have been newly discovered. (The bottles on the shelf contain new chemicals.)

Mr. Li, who is my favorite professor, has received a Distinguished Teacher Award.

(Mr. Li, my favorite professor, has received a Distinguished Teacher Award.)

4. 多样化

1) 简单句与复杂句

I am sorry not to have answered your letter earlier.

I am sorry that I have not answered your letter earlier.

2) 双重否定

The value of the information he has provided cannot be overestimated.

There is no general rule without some exceptions.

3) 变化主语

If you take this medicine, you will feel better.

This medicine will make you feel better.

? 常用句型

1. 相似性

1) A is to B what/as C is to D

Moral corruption is to the State as physical disease is to an individual body.

2) Just as … , so …

Just as woods are indispensable to birds, so is the earth to human beings.

3) A and B have sth. in common

As far as personality is concerned, they have almost everything in common.

4) A is similar to B

My hobby is similar to his in that we both like collecting records, foreign and domestic.

5) The same is true of, The same can be said of

As the economies of all countries are closely interrelated no country can develop in self-seclusion (隔绝). The same is true of China.

2. 相异性

1) A is just the opposite (to B)

Beijing is populous and crowded, while Canberra is just the opposite.

2) A differs from B in that …

China’s condition differs from ours in that China has the largest population in the world.

3) … is not the same

While it may be true that basketball and volleyball share certain features, the excitement each arouses in the spectators is not the same.

3. 权衡

1) The advantages outweigh the disadvantages

It seems safe to say that the advantages of marriage outweigh the disadvantages of divorce.

2) Nothing can rival …

Perhaps nothing can rival the pleasure from reading.

3) … has drawbacks as well as merits.

There could be no doubt that job-hopping has its drawbacks as well as merits.

4) A is superior to B

Men may be superior to women in physical affairs. Yet, there is no difference in 英特尔ligence.

5) … varies from person to person

People’s attitude towards drugs varies from person to person.

4. 过渡句

1) It is true that most jobs are a series of more or less unpleasant chores, but it doesn’t follow that that’s all they are.

2) This is true, no doubt, but it is not the whole story by any means.

3) It is fairly well known that Vitamin C is indispensable to health. But it is probably less well known that taking it excessively may do harm to the human body.

5. 图表作文中的过渡

1) This table provides several important points of comparison between the two universities. As can be indicated in the table, the housing space for the staff of A in 1995 was 34 500 square meters, which nearly doubled the B’s corresponding figure.

2) As we could find out later in this unit, his plan was not quite as he had expected.

3) As is revealed in the graph …

4) As the survey results show …

6. 描述曲线走势

1) The population rose rapidly until it reached 600 000 in 1990. Since 1990 the growth has continued but the population has risen relatively slowly.

2) The birth rate in this region rocketed to the highest peak in 1963.

7. 图表作文中的开头与结尾

1) This table provides several important points of comparison between the two key universities.

2) The two graphs depict the same thing seen in two different ways. The first diagram simply records … The second graph throws a light on …

3) The key findings taken from the surveys are as follows: …

4) If drivers continue to drive more carefully and further strengthen their sense of safety, the rate of accidents can be expected to decline even more dramatically in the year 1991.

? 句子之间的连接

1.过渡词语

1)附加递进：and, also, moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides

3) 对比转折：but, yet, while, whereas, although, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast

3)陈述理由：for, since, as, because, due to, on the grounds that, owindowsg to

4)表达结果：so, as a result, thus, consequently, therefore

5)肯定强调：obviously, certainly, of course, undoubtedly, in fact, indeed

6)罗列条件：if, as long as, provided that, unless

7)顺序列举：firstly, to begin with, then, after this, last but not least

8)举例论证：for instance, for example, namely, such as, including

9)总结说明：in conclusion, in summary, to sum up, to conclude

2. 反义词或互补词

1) 反义词：Years ago a TV set was regarded as a luxury. Today it is a necessity.

2) 互补词：Discrimination is mainly practiced against women in the field of science. We don’t find men complaining about this.

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