unit 5 enjoying novels一、核心单词用法例析1.authoress  n. 女作家 　类似的结构还有：waitress 女服务员；hostess女主人，空中小姐，(火车,巴士上)女服务员； waiter (男)侍者,服务生；　author 作者；作家；host主人,东道主，节目主持人2.recount  vt. 详细讲; 叙述; 描述列举; 依次数说；重新计算,再数he recounted all the happenings of the day. 他详细叙述那天发生的一切事情3. oppose  vt.  反对;反抗;妨碍i am opposed to going shopping with others.我反对与他人一起外出购物。he is strongly opposed to the plan.他强烈反对这一计划。4.gifted  a. 有天资的,有天赋的he is a gifted athlete.他是个有天赋的运动员。5.respectable  a. 值得尊敬的，名声好的;体面的our new neighbors are very respectable people.我们的新邻居是十分可敬的人。it is not respectable to spit on the sidewalk.在人行道上吐痰是不文雅的。区别：respectable 和respectful respectable 指获得来自外人的尊敬，“受人尊敬的”，而respectful指对外人的尊敬，“恭敬的”。如：no respectable girl would associate with a man like him.没有哪个正派的姑娘愿意和他这样的人交往。6. marry    vt.  &  vi   使某人结婚    娶; 嫁, 和...结婚 he is going to marry jane. 他将与简结婚。ben and jill are getting married. 本和吉尔即将结婚。注意：英文里无marry with sb的说法；表示“结婚多久了”用be married 如：how long have you been married to sheila?你和希拉结婚多久了？ 7. hopeless　 a. -less是否定后缀，意思是：不抱希望的；无望的,没有办法的   the lost hikers felt helpless.这些迷路的徒步旅行者感到绝望。our position is hopeless; we'll never get out alive.我们的处境毫无希望,我们决不可能活着出去。8. approval   n. ( vt. approve)批准;认可  赞成;同意the plan had the approval of the school authorities.计划得到学校当局的认可。we went to the party with our parents' approval.我们取得父母同意后去参加聚会。9. growth  n.  生长,成长;发育  增长;增加 exercise and good food are important to the proper growth of a child.运动和营养好的食物对孩子的正常发育十分重要。the recent growth in / of violent crime 近期暴力罪行的增加10. hail  vt.  向...欢呼;为...喝彩   承认...为;拥立(+as)  招呼the people lined the street to hail the invincible general.人们排列在街的两旁向常胜将军欢呼。they hailed him king.他们拥立他为王。an old frien（各种工作总结、计划、报告、作文模板，尽在一路高升范文网）d hailed me from across the street.一个老朋友在马路对面和我打招呼。10. critic  n.  批评家,评论家   持批评态度的人;吹毛求疵的人,爱挑剔的人he is a very famous film critic.他是一个很有名气的电影评论家。11. possess  vt. 拥有,持有;具有;占有 the country possesses rich mineral deposits.这个国家拥有丰富矿藏。12. generous  a.  慷慨的(+with/in/to)   宽宏大量的(+to/towards)  大量的;丰盛的she is generous in giving help.她乐于助人。she gave me a generous lunch.她请我吃了一顿丰盛的午餐。13. sequence  n.  连续;接连;一连串(+of)    次序;顺序;先后farmers met with a sequence of bad harvests.农民们遇到了接二连三的坏收成。14. inspect  vt.  检查;审查   检阅;视察they inspected the roof for leaks.他们检查了屋顶看看是否有漏隙。health department officials came to inspect the factory.卫生部的官员来视察这个工厂。15. chain  n.    链,链条;项圈     一系列;连锁,连续   连锁店(chain store)the dog was fastened to a post with/by a chain.那条狗被用链条拴在柱子上。the traffic accident led to a chain of events.交通事故引起了一连串的事件。16. discount   n   vt. 折扣; 打折扣   将...打折扣;将商品打去...折扣we give a special discount of 10 per cent for cash.如用现金购买,我们给予九折优待。17.decline  vi. &  vt. 下降,下跌;减少;衰退,衰落   婉拒;谢绝as one grows older, one's memory declines.人的记忆力随着年龄增长而衰退。unemployment declined to 4 percent last month.上个月失业率降至百分之四。18. enquire   vi.   询问;查询(+about/for)    调查(+into)i enquired about trains to new york.我查问有关去纽约的火车开行情况。we will enquire into the matter.我们将调查这事。19. rejoice  vi. &  vt.     欣喜,高兴   庆祝,欢乐    使高兴,使欣喜i rejoice to hear of your promotion.听说你高升我非常高兴。we all rejoiced at/over the good news.我们都为这一消息感到高兴。20.initial  a.　　开始的,最初的　　　 在（字）开头的his initial reaction was one of shock.他最初的反应是震惊。21.fault  n.　缺点,毛病,缺陷　　错误every man has his faults.人无完人,金无足赤。faults are thick where love is thin.一朝情谊淡，样样不顺眼。22. sensible  a.  明智的;合情理的    意识到的,察觉到的(+of)be sensible and take your umbrella.聪明些，把伞带上吧。i am sensible of my error.我认识到自己的错误了。二、词组句型用法全解1. in force　 有效　　大批地the new law will soon come in force.新法律将很快生效。the police arrived in force.警察大批地赶到。2. even so　即使如此the book is rather old; even so, it is very useful.这本书已很旧,尽管如此,它还是很有用。3. get round / around   逃避   说服, 争取（某人）   传开 he got round the difficulty.他避开了这一难题。i got round my father to lend me his car.我说服了父亲借车给我。4. under the name of…   用...的名字;以...的名义instead of using his true name, he sent the article to the paper under the name of saki.他不用真名,而用"沙奇"这个名字投稿。5. stand out   坚持, 引人注目,脱颖而出,杰出they stood out till victory.他们坚持到胜利。our daughter is a great dancer, she stands out above the rest.我们的女儿是一个不错的舞者,她从许多舞者中脱颖而出。6. put off   推迟;拖延don't put off till tomorrow what can be done today.今天可做的事不要拖到明天再做。7. straight away/ right away   即刻;马上；毫不犹豫地；毫不耽误地i want it typed straight away, please.  请立即把它打印出来。i told her straight away what i thought of her.我把我对她的看法直截了当的告诉了她。8. in vain  adv. 徒劳their efforts were not in vain.他们的努力没白费。9. at length   最后,终于  详细地at length, we began to understand what she wanted.最后,我们总算弄清楚她到底要什么。he talked at length about his work.他详细地谈了他的工作。10. used to i used to live in the country but now i am used to the city life here. 我过去住在乡下，但是现在适应这里的城市生活了。11. pull up  拔起、使停下、阻止、斥责the driver pulled up his car at the gate.司机在门口把车停下了。比较：the car pulled up at the gate.车在门口停下了。12. think ill of     看不起(轻视)，对……评价(印象)不好(反义词：think well of) don’t think ill of him. 不要把他想得太坏。13. see through   帮助...渡过(困难等)   看穿;识破(谎言)we will see you through the difficulty.我们会帮助你渡过难关。the policeman saw through his false alibi.警察识破他不在场的伪证。14. struggle against  同...斗争,向...展开斗争we must struggle against this prejudice for a more tolerant attitude to our beliefs.我们必须努力克服这种偏见，从而在信仰上采取更为宽容的态度。

三、课文长句难句剖析1. clearly this restriction must have operated at a time when there was no equality of opportunity for women.剖析：句中must have operated表示“对过去的事情肯定推测” ；at a time 表示“一个时期、一段时间”， when引导的是定语从句修饰time。译文：很显然，这种限制在妇女没有平等权利的时期肯定会起作用的。拓展：at a time 每次;一次　　take three pills at a time. 每次服三粒。真题：don’t speak all at once! _____,  please. (全国94)a. each at one time       b. one by one time c. one for each time      d. one at a time  解析：意思是“请每次一个人讲”，故选d。2.she produced six completed novels, all of which deal with the problems and limitations of women’s choices.剖析：句中 completed  adj. 完整的;包含全部内容的， which引导非限制性定语从句修饰novels， which指代six completed novels。译文：她创作了六部完整的小说，这些作品都涉及到女性选择权的问题及其局限性。真题：1) the factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% &nbs（各种工作总结、计划、报告、作文模板，尽在一路高升范文网）p;    are sold abroad . （辽宁）        a.of which            b.which of             c.of them       d.of that 解析：非限制性定语从句，先行词是half a million pairs of shoes。故选a。2) i have many friends,        some are businessmen . （全国ⅰ）       a.of them    b.from which     c.who of    d.of whom 解析：道理同上，先行词是表达“人”的名词。故选d。3.at this time the only respectable career for a woman was to marry, so the dilemma of her heroines’ was also to marry but for love.剖析：句中respectable 可以形容人或事，意思是“符合社会道德标准的；正派的；正当的；值得尊敬的”；dilemma意思是“两难处境”，本句中“两难”指“要么找不到真爱就不结婚，要么就同意缔结没有爱情基础的婚姻”。如：mary’s dilemma was whether to go to the party in her old dress or to stay at home.玛丽的难处在于是穿旧衣服去聚会还是呆在家里。本句中but for 是“除了、除……以外”的意思，于except for很相近。but for 最常见的意思是“要不是……”，多用于虚拟语气中。如：but for the rain, we would have had a pleasant journey. 要不是这场雨，我们的旅行一定会很愉快的。but for his bad habit of smoking, he would be a perfect man. 要不是抽烟的不良习惯，他就是一个完美的人。译文：那时女性唯一受到尊敬的事业就是嫁人，所以她作品中女主人公也为了无爱情的婚姻所困扰。4.it was also in her refreshingly light and ironic style, evident from the first sentence of the novel: everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in want of wife.剖析：句中want 意思是“缺乏，不足”, in want of 是个短语，意思是“需要”。如：the school is in want of good teachers.  这个学校需要好老师。句中that 引导的从句作knows 的宾语。译文：她的作品的魅力还体现在她那清新明快而又带点讽刺的写作风格上，这从小说的第一句就可以很清楚地看出来：“众所周知，凡是有财产的单身汉必定需要娶一位太太。”5.it is making fun of those mothers whose only wish is to marry their daughters well. 剖析：句中 it指代上文中everyone knows that a single man with a fortune must be in want of wife。 句中whose only wish is to marry their daughters well是定语从句，修饰those mothers。如：have you seen the film “titanic”, whose leading actor is world – famous? (01上海)译文：这句话就是调侃那些母亲，因为她们一门心思要女儿嫁个好人家。真题：last month, part of southeast asia was struck by floods, from _____effects the people are still suffering. （天津）       a. that          b. whose          c. those          d. what 解析：引导词在这个定语从句本身必须作定语。故选b。6. her most famous book, jane eyre, describes the growth of a poor, abused heroine with an unhappy childhood through to mature person who finds eventual happiness after many struggle and disappointments. 剖析：句中abused是abuse的过去分词形式，表示“被虐待、伤害的, 受辱骂的” with an unhappy childhood through to mature person 是个介词短语修饰heroine。who 引导的定语从句也修饰heroine。译文：她最有名的小说《简•爱》所描绘的女主人公从童年的不幸、贫穷且饱受摧残到成熟，她经历多种坎坷和失望，最后终于找到了幸福。7. being immediately hailed as “the masterwork of a great genius”, jane eyre became a great success.剖析：being immediately hailed as “the masterwork of a great genius” 是现在分词的被动式， 作时间状语，be hailed as 意思是“作为。。。被承认”，success 表示具体的一次成功的事或一个成功的人士，其前要加不定冠词a 。译文：《简•爱》一出版，立即被誉为“伟大天才的杰作”，获得了巨大的成功。8.with the 19th century being regarded as one of great women writers, there were also some excellent male authors. 剖析：句中with the 19th century being regarded as one of great women writers独立主格结构表示伴随情况的。译文：19世纪被认为是伟大的女作家人才辈出的世纪，这一时期也有一些优秀的男作家。9.these women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century english literature must include them.剖析：句中these women having produced works of the highest quality是独立主格结构，表示原因。相当于because these women have produced works of the highest quality。译文：这些女作家由于创造了具有最高水准的作品，任何关于19世纪英国文学的研究都必须包括她们。10. at first, in spite of disliking him, she did not discount his affection, and was sensitive to the pain she was going to cause him when declined his offer of marriage.剖析： 介词短语in spite of与despite同义，是“不管,尽管”意。比如： he went to work in spite of his illness.尽管生病,他还是去工作。despite advanced years, she is learning to drive.尽管年事已高,她还在学开车。in spite of disliking him 意思是 although she disliked him.be sensitive to对……敏感的;易受伤害的译文：起初，虽然不喜欢他，她并漠视他的爱，而且还很在意拒绝他的求婚给他带来的痛苦。11. at length he asked “and this is all the reply that i am to have! i might, perhaps, ask why i am refused so abruptly?” “i might as well enquire,” replied she,“why you told me you liked me against your will?...”剖析：that i am to have 是定语从句，修饰all the reply。be to do 表示“将要做……”。might as well 意思是“还是做某事好；不妨。。。。。。”，其后接动词原形。用于提供建议或要求。比如：since we’ve got nothing better to do, we might as well go for a walk.既然我们没有什么更适合的事可做，我们不妨去散步吧。you might as well tell the truth.  你还是说实话为好。    against one’s will 违背某人的意愿/遗嘱译文：他终于问到：“这就是我要得到的全部答复！也许我可以问一下，为什么我会被如此断然地拒绝？” 他答道：“为什么你对我说你是违心地喜欢我？…… ”12. “and this,” cried darcy as he walked with quick steps across the room, “is your opinion of me! thank you for being so outspoken…...”剖析：as 连词，意思是 “ 一边……一边”表示同时性。thank you for (doing) sth因…..而感谢你。译文：“而这，”达西大声嚷道，同时快速走向房间另一头，“就是你对我的印象！感谢你如此直言不讳。……”13. …“ if your pride has not been hurt by my honest confession and if i had flattered you, it might have been different. i am not ashamed of the feelings i related. they were natural and just…”剖析：该主从复合句是与过去事实不符的虚拟语气。（参见unit4的“语法归纳”）译文：……“如果我的坦诚相告没有伤及你的高傲，如果我对你阿谀奉承，事情可能就会完全不同了。对我所述说的感情我并不感到羞耻，因为这些是自然的和恰当的。……”

四、语法知识归纳梳理—独立主格结构由一个名词或主格代词（作为逻辑主语）加上一个分词、形容词、副词、不定式或介词短语构成，被用逗号和句子分隔开。常常作状语，表示行为方式或伴随情况，有时也被用来表示时间、原因和条件等。多用于书面语中,特点是语言简洁。比如：1. these women having produced works of the highest quality, any survey of the 19th century english literature must include them.2. the teacher came in, book in hand.独立主格结构的作用：1.表示时间：spring coming on, the trees turns green.=when spring comes on, ….2.表示原因：there being no buses, we had to walk home.=because there were no buses, ….3.表示条件：condition permitting, i will climb mt.qomolangma next spring.= if condition permits, …. weather permitting, they will start at six tomorrow morning.= if weather permits, ….4.表示伴随情况或补充说明：the children were making a snowman, hands red with cold.i have bought a new coat, the old one being worn out.注：表示伴随情况的独立结构，也可以用“with +宾语+宾补”代替。真题：1. i couldn’t do my homework with all that noise ________.a. going on     b. goes on    c. went on               d. to go on        (北京)解析：宾语补语。现在分词表示主动。故选a。2. with a lot of difficult problems _____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.a. settled      b. settling     c. to settle         d. being settled   (上海)解析：问题有待解决，时间上是“将来”。故选c。3. the work _____, john went to see a film.（ 91全国）  a. done       b. doing        c. to be done      d. to do        答案：工作“被做”，过去分词表示被动。故选a。

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